Myxomatosis is a virus related to the human smallpox virus. It is transmitted by biting insects such as fleas and mosquitoes. It first arrived in the UK in 1953 and decimated the rabbit population, killing 95% in the first two years. Pet rabbits are most at risk if they have contact with wild rabbits or hares, but all rabbits should be vaccinated and protected against fleas.
Signs of diseaseThe clinical signs of myxomatosis include runny eyes and swollen genitals in the early stages. As the disease progresses, the head and eyes become severely swollen with pus discharge from eyes and nose. Animals may take up to two weeks to die.
The disease is incurable and causes immense suffering. It is advisable to have any affected rabbit euthanased early in the disease process.
All rabbits, whether indoor or outdoor, living alone or in company, should be vaccinated at least once yearly, ideally in May or June. In high-risk areas, 6-monthly vaccination is recommended. Discuss frequency of vaccination with your vet.
Rabbits can be vaccinated from 6 weeks of age. A small amount of the vaccine solution should be given into the skin, usually at the base of the ear, while the rest is placed under the skin.
In some cases, a vaccinated rabbit can develop 'atypical myxomatosis'. This typically causes skin lesions. Prognosis is generally good but the rabbit will need good nursing care for a few weeks.
A relatively new disease, with the first UK case in 1992. VHD is highly infectious between rabbits and can survive in the environment for many months. VHD is transmitted by direct contact with infected rabbits, infected material on food, bedding, birds or humans.
The disease is fatal and death is often sudden with the owners unaware that anything is wrong. It causes immense suffering to the rabbit as death is due to the rabbit being unable to breathe.
Clinical signs include loss of appetite, nose bleeds and breathing difficulties.
There is no cure for VHD but it is easily preventable by vaccination. There are two different vaccines available. One of these can be used from 5 weeks of age, the other from 10 weeks. Whichever vaccine is used, an annual booster vaccination is required. The vaccine cannot be given within 2 weeks of a myxomatosis vaccination.